PRINCIPLE #2: THE COST OF SOMETHING IS WHAT YOU GIVE UP TO GET IT
原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西

Because people face tradeoffs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action. In many cases, however, the cost of some action is not as obvious as it might first appear.
由于人们面临着权衡取舍，所以，作出决策就要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益。但是，在许多情况下，某种行动的成本并不像乍看时那么明显。

Consider, for example, the decision whether to go to college. The benefit is intellectual enrichment and a lifetime of better job opportunities. But what is the cost? To answer this question, you might be tempted to add up the money you spend on tuition, books, room, and board. Yet this total does not truly represent what you give up to spend a year in college.
例如，考虑是否上大学的决策。收益是使知识丰富和一生拥有更好的工作机会。但成本是什么呢？要回答这个问题，你会想到把你用于学费、书籍、住房和伙食的钱加总起来。但这种总和并不真正地代表你上一年大学所放弃的东西。

The first problem with this answer is that it includes some things that are not really costs of going to college. Even if you quit school, you would need a place to sleep and food to eat. Room and board are costs of going to college only to the extent that they are more expensive at college than elsewhere. Indeed, the cost of room and board at your school might be less than the rent and food expenses that you would pay living on your own. In this case, the savings on room and board are a benefit of going to college.
这个答案的第一个问题是，它包括的某些东西并不是上大学的真正成本。即使你离开了学校，你也需要有睡觉的地方，要吃东西。只有在大学的住宿和伙食比其他地方贵时，贵的这一部分才是上大学的成本。实际上，大学的住宿与伙食费可能还低于你自己生活时所支付的房租与食物费用。在这种情况下，住宿与伙食费的节省是上大学的收益。

The second problem with this calculation of costs is that it ignores the largest cost of going to college—your time. When you spend a year listening to lectures, reading textbooks, and writing papers, you cannot spend that time working at a job. For most students, the wages given up to attend school are the largest single cost of their education.
这种成本计算的第二个问题是，它忽略了上大学最大的成本——你的时间。当你把一年的时间用于听课、读书和写文章时，你就不能把这段时间用于工作。对大多数学生而言，为上学而放弃的工资是他们受教育的最大单项成本。

The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item. When making any decision, such as whether to attend college, decisionmakers should be aware of the opportunity costs that accompany each possible action. In fact, they usually are. College-age athletes who can earn millions if they drop out of school and play professional sports are well aware that their opportunity cost of college is very high. It is not surprising that they often decide that the benefit is not worth the cost.
一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。当作出任何一项决策，例如，是否上大学时，决策者应该认识到伴随每一种可能的行动而来的机会成本。实际上，决策者通常是知道这一点的。那些上大学年龄的运动员如果退学而从事职业运动就能赚几百万美元，他们深深认识到，他们上大学的机会成本极高。他们往往如此决定：不值得花费这种成本来获得上大学的收益。这一点儿也不奇怪。
PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN
原理三：理性人考虑边际量

Decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. When it’s time for dinner, the decision you face is not between fasting or eating like a pig, but whether to take that extra spoonful of mashed potatoes. When exams roll around, your decision is not between blowing them off or studying 24 hours a day, but whether to spend an extra hour reviewing your notes instead of watching TV. Economists use the term marginal changes to describe small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. Keep in mind that “margin” means “edge,” so marginal changes are adjustments around the edges of what you are doing.
生活中的许多决策很少是黑与白，而往往涉及到灰色阴影。当到吃午饭的时间时，你面临的决策不是吃得快还是吃得多，而是是否再多吃一勺土豆泥。当考试临近时，你的决策不是在放弃考试或一天学习24个小时之间的选择，而是是否多花一小时复习功课而不看电视。经济学家用边际变动这个术语来描述对现有行动的微小增量调整。记住“边际”指“边缘”，因此，边际变动是围绕你所做的事的边缘的调整。

In many situations, people make the best decisions by thinking at the margin. Suppose, for instance, that you asked a friend for advice about how many years to stay in school. If he were to compare for you the lifestyle of a person with a Ph.D. to that of a grade school dropout, you might complain that this comparison is not helpful for your decision. You have some education already and most likely are deciding whether to spend an extra year or two in school. To make this decision, you need to know the additional benefits that an extra year in school would offer (higher wages throughout life and the sheer joy of learning) and the additional costs that you would incur (tuition and the forgone wages while you’re in school). By comparing these marginal benefits and marginal costs, you can evaluate whether the extra year is worthwhile.
在许多情况下，人们可以通过考虑边际量来作出最优决策。例如，假设你向一位朋友请教，应该在学校上多少年学。如果他给你用一个拥有博士学位的人的生活方式与一个没有上完小学的人进行比较，你会抱怨这种比较无助于你的决策。你很可能已经受过某种程度的教育，并要决定是否再多上一两年学。为了作出这种决策，你需要知道，多上一年学所带来的额外收益（一生的更高工资和学习的全面享受）和所花费的额外成本（学费及你上学时放弃的工资）。通过比较这种边际收益与边际成本，你就可以评价多上一年学是否值得。

As another example, consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers who fly standby. Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs the airline $100,000. In this case, the average cost of each seat is $100,000/200, which is $500. One might be tempted to conclude that the airline should never sell a ticket for less than $500. In fact, however, the airline can raise its profits by thinking at the margin. Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty seats, and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300 for a seat. Should the airline sell it to him? Of course it should. If the plane has empty seats, the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule. Although the average cost of flying a passenger is $500, the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume. As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling him a ticket is profitable.
另一个例子，考虑一个航空公司决定对等退票的乘客收取多高的价格。假设一架200个座位的飞机横越国内飞行一次，航空公司的成本是10万美元。在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是10万美元除以200，即500美元。有人会得出结论：航空公司的票价决不应该低于500美元。但实际上，航空公司可以通过考虑边际量而增加利润。设想一架飞机即将起飞时仍有10个空位。在登机口等退票的乘客愿意支付300美元买一张票。航空公司应该卖给他票吗？当然应该。如果飞机有空位，多增加一位乘客的成本是微乎其微的。虽然一位乘客飞行的平均成本是500美元，但边际成本仅仅是这位额外的乘客将消费的一包花生米和一罐汽水的成本而已。只要等退票的乘客所支付的钱大于边际成本，卖给他机票就是有利可图的。

As these examples show, individuals and firms can make better decisions by thinking at the margin. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.
正如这些例子说明的，个人和企业通过考虑边际量将会作出更好的决策。如果而且只有一种行动的边际收益大于边际成本，一个理性决策者才会采取这项行动。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEY CONCEPTS（重要概念）:

opportunity cost： whatever must be given up to obtain some item
机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

marginal change： small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。

HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
人们如何作出决策

There is no mystery to what an “economy” is. Whether we are talking

about the economy of Los Angeles, of the United States, or of the whole

world, an economy is just a group of people interacting with one

another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an

economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the

economy, we start our study of economics with four principles of

individual decisionmaking.
“经济”是什么这个问题并没有什么神秘之处、无论我们谈论的是洛杉矶经济，

美国经济，还是全世界的经济，经济只不过是一个在生活中相互交易的一群人而

已。由于一个经济的行为反映了组成这个经济的个人的行为，所以我们的经济学

研究就从个人作出决策的四个原理开始。

PRINCIPLE #1: PEOPLE FACE TRADEOFFS
原理一：人们面临权衡取舍

The first lesson about making decisions is summarized in the adage:

“There is no such thing as a free lunch.” To get one thing that we

like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. Making

decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
关于作出决策的第一课可以归纳为一句谚语：“天下没有白吃的午餐。”为了得

到我们喜爱的一件东西，通常就不得下放弃另一件我们喜爱的东西。作出决策要

求我们在一个目标与另一个目标之间有所取舍。

Consider a student who must decide how to allocate her most valuable

resource— her time. She can spend all of her time studying economics;

she can spend all of her time studying psychology; or she can divide

her time between the two fields. For every hour she studies one

subject, she gives up an hour she could have used studying the other.

And for every hour she spends studying, she gives up an hour that she

could have spent napping, bike riding, watching TV, or working at her

part-time job for some extra spending money.
我们考虑一个学生必须决定如何配置她的最宝贵的资源——时间。她可以把所有

的时间用于学习经济学；她可以把所有的时间用语学习心理学；她也可以把时间

分配在这两个学科上。她把某一个小时用于学习一门课时，她就必须放弃本来可

以学习另一门课的一小时。而且，对于她用于学习一门课的每一个小时，她都要

放弃本来可以用于睡眠、骑车、看电视或打工赚点零花钱的时间。

Or consider parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can

buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. Or they can save some of the

family income for retirement or the children’s college education. When

they choose to spend an extra dollar on one of these goods, they have

one less dollar to spend on some other good.
还可以考虑父母决定如何使用自己的家庭收入。他们可以购买食物、衣服，或全

家度假。或者他们也可以为退休或孩子的人学教育储蓄一部分收入。当他们选择

把额外的一美元用于上述物品中的一种时，他们在某种他物品上就要少花一美元

。

When people are grouped into societies, they face different kinds of

tradeoffs. The classic tradeoff is between “guns and butter.” The

more we spend on national defense to protect our shores from foreign

aggressors (guns), the less we can spend on consumer goods to raise our

standard of living at home (butter). Also important in modern society

is the tradeoff between a clean environment and a high level of income.

Laws that require firms to reduce pollution raise the cost of producing

goods and services. Because of the higher costs, these firms end up

earning smaller profits, paying lower wages, charging higher prices, or

some combination of these three. Thus, while pollution regulations give

us the benefit of a cleaner environment and the improved health that

comes with it, they have the cost of reducing the incomes of the firms

’ owners, workers, and customers.
当人们组成社会时，他们面临各种不同的交替关系。典型的交替关系是“大炮与

黄油”之间的交替。我们把更多的钱用于国防以保卫我们的海岸免受外国入侵（

大炮）时，我们能用于提高国内生活水平的个人物品的消费（黄油）就少了。在

现代社会里，同样重要的是清洁的环境和高收入水平之间的交替关系。要求企业

减少污染的法律增加了生产物品与劳务的成本。由于成本高，结果这些企业赚的

利润少了，支付的工资低了，收取的价格高了，或者是这三种结果的某种结合，

因此尽管污染管制给予我们的好处是更清洁的环境，以及由此引起的健康水平提

高，但其代价是企业所有者、工人和消费者的收入减少。

Another tradeoff society faces is between efficiency and equity.

Efficiency means that society is getting the most it can from its

scarce resources. Equity means that the benefits of those resources are

distributed fairly among society’s members. In other words, efficiency

refers to the size of the economic pie, and equity refers to how the

pie is divided. Often, when government policies are being designed,

these two goals conflict.
社会面临的另一种交替关系是效率与平等之间的交替。效率是指社会能从其稀缺

资源中得到最多东西。平等是指这些资源的成果公平地分配给社会成员。换句话

说，效率是指经济蛋糕的大小，而平等是指如何分割这块蛋糕，在设计政府政策

的时候，这两个目标往往是不一致的。

Consider, for instance, policies aimed at achieving a more equal

distribution of economic well-being. Some of these policies, such as

the welfare system or unemployment insurance, try to help those members

of society who are most in need. Others, such as the individual income

tax, ask the financially successful to contribute more than others to

support the government. Although these policies have the benefit of

achieving greater equity, they have a cost in terms of reduced

efficiency. When the government redistributes income from the rich to

the poor, it reduces the reward for working hard; as a result, people

work less and produce fewer goods and services. In other words, when

the government tries to cut the economic pie into more equal slices,

the pie gets smaller.
例如，我们来考虑目的在于实现更平等地分配经济福利的政策；某些这类政策，

例如，福利制度或失业保障，是要帮助那些最需要帮助的社会成员。另一些政策

，例如，个人所得税，是要求经济上成功的人士对政府的支持比其他人更多。虽

然这些政策对实现更大平等有好处，但它以降低效率为代价。当政府把富人的收

入再分配给穷人时，就减少了对辛勤工作的奖励；结果，人们工作少了，生产的

物品与劳务也少了。换句话说，当政府想要把经济蛋糕切为更均等的小块时，这

块蛋糕也就变小了。

Recognizing that people face tradeoffs does not by itself tell us what

decisions they will or should make. A student should not abandon the

study of psychology just because doing so would increase the time

available for the study of economics. Society should not stop

protecting the environment just because environmental regulations

reduce our material standard of living. The poor should not be ignored

just because helping them distorts work incentives. onetheless,

acknowledging life’s tradeoffs is important because people are likely

to make good decisions only if they understand the options that they

have available.
认识到人们面临交替关系本身并没有告诉我们，人们将会或应该作出什么决策。

一个学生不应该仅仅由于要增加用于学习经济学的时间而放弃心理学的学习。社

会不应该仅仅由于环境控制降低了我们的物质生活水平而不再保护环境。也不应

该仅仅由于帮助穷人扭曲了工作激励而忽视了他们。然而，认识到生活中的交替

关系是重要的，因为人们只有了解他们可以得到的选择，才能作出良好的决策。

----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------

KEYWORDS（关键词）:

efficiency： the property of society getting the most it can from its

scarce resources.
效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

equity： the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among

the members of society
平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

Ten Principles Of Economics
第1章　经济学十大原理

IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL . . .
在这一章里，你将——

· Learn that economics is about the allocation of scarce resources
· 知道经济学研究稀缺性资源的配置

· Examine some of the tradeoffs that people face
· 考察人们面临的一些权衡取舍

· Learn the meaning of opportunity cost
· 知道机会成本的含义

· See how to use marginal reasoning when making decisions
· 懂得在作出决策时如何运用边际推理

· Discuss how incentives affect people's behavior
· 讨论激励如何影响人们的行为

· Consider why trade among people or nations can be good for everyone
· 考虑为什么人们或国家之间的交易可以使各方面受益

· Discuss why markets are a good, but not perfect, way to allocate

resources
· 讨论为什么市场是一种良好却非完善的资源配置方式

· Learn what determines some trends in the overall economy
· 了解是什么因素决定着整体经济中的某些趋势

The word economy comes from the Greek word for “one who manages a

household.” At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But, in fact,

households and economies have much in common.
经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。乍一看，这个起源似

乎有点奇特。但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。

A household faces many decisions. It must decide which members of the

household do which tasks and what each member gets in return: Who cooks

dinner?Who does the laundry? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who

gets to choose what TV show to watch? In short, the household must

allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into

account each member’s abilities, efforts, and desires.
一个家庭面临着许多决策。它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么．以及作为回报每

个家庭成员能得到什么：谁做晚饭？谁洗衣服？谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点？谁

有权选择看什么电视节目？简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿

望，以在各个成员中配置稀缺资源。

Like a household, a society faces many decisions. A society must decide

what jobs will be done and who will do them. It needs some people to

grow food, other people to make clothing, and still others to design

computer software. Once society has allocated people (as well as land,

buildings, and machines) to various jobs,it must also allocate the

output of goods and services that they produce. It must decide who will

eat caviar and who will eat potatoes. It must decide who will drive a

Porsche and who will take the bus.
和家庭一样，一个社会也面临着许多决策。一个社会必须决定将要做哪些工作和

谁做这些工作。社会需要一些人种粮食，另一些人做衣服，还有一些人设计电脑

软件。一旦社会分配人们（以及土地、建筑物和机器）去做各种工作，它还应该

分配他们生产的物品与劳务量。社会必须决定谁将吃鱼子酱而谁将吃土豆。它还

必须决定谁将开保时捷跑车而谁将坐公共汽车。

The management of society’s resources is important because resources

are scarce. Scarcity means that society has limited resources and

therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to

have. Just as a household cannot give every member everything he or she

wants, a society cannot give every individual the highest standard of

living to which he or she might aspire.
由于资源稀缺，社会资源的管理就是重要的。稀缺性是指社会提供的东西少于人

们想拥有的。正如一个家庭不能给每个成员想要的每一件东西一样，一个社会也

不能给每个人以他们向往的最高生活水平。

Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. In

most societies, resources are allocated not by a single central planner

but through the combined actions of millions of households and firms.

Economists therefore study how people make decisions: how much they

work, what they buy, how much they save, and how they invest their

savings. Economists also study how people interact with one another.

For instance, they examine how the multitude of buyers and sellers of a

good together determine the price at which the good is sold and the

quantity that is sold. Finally, economists analyze forces and trends

that affect the economy as a whole, including the growth in average

income, the fraction of the population that cannot find work, and the

rate at which prices are rising.
经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。在大多数社会中，资源并不是由一个

中央计划者来配置，而是通过千百万家庭和企业的共同行动来配置的。因此，经

济学家研究人们如何作出决策：他们工作多少，购买什么，储蓄多少，以及如何

把储蓄用于投资。经济学家还研究人们如何相互交易。例如，经济学家探讨一种

物品众多的买者与卖者如何共同决定该物品的销售价格和销售量。最后，经济学

家分析影响整个经济的力量和趋势。包括平均收入的增长，人口中找不到工作的

人的比例，以及价格上升的速度。

Although the study of economics has many facets, the field is unified

by several central ideas. In the rest of this chapter, we look at Ten

Principles of Economics. These principles recur throughout this book

and are introduced here to give you an overview of what economics is

all about. You can think of this chapter as a “preview of coming

attractions.”
虽然经济学的研究是多万面的，但可以用几个中心思想把这个领域统一起来。在

本章的其余部分，我们要说明经济学的十大原理。这些原理贯穿全书，这里的介

绍是要让你了解经济学研究内容的概况。

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----------

KEY CONCEPTS（重要概念）:

Scarcity： the limited nature of society’s resources
稀缺性：社会资源的有限性

economics： the study of how society manages its scarce resources
经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

世界上只有两种可以称之为浪漫的情感
一种叫相濡以沫，另一种叫相忘于江湖
我们要做的是
争取和最爱的人相濡以沫和次爱的人相忘于江湖
也许不是不曾心动，不是没有可能
只是有缘无份，情深缘浅
我们爱在不对的时间回首往事的时候
想起那些如流星般划过生命的爱情
我们常常会把彼此的错过归咎为缘份
其实说到底，缘份是那么虚幻抽象的一个概念
真正影响我们的
往往就是那一时三刻相遇与相爱的时机
男女之间的交往
充满了犹疑忐忑的不确定与欲言又止的矜持
一个小小的变数，就可以完全改变选择的方向
如果彼此出现早一点
也许就不会和另一个人十指紧扣
又或者相遇的再晚一点
晚到两个人在各自的爱情经历中
慢慢的学会了包容和体谅，善待与妥协
也许走到一起的时候，就不会那么轻易的放弃，任性的转身，放走了爱情
在你最美丽的时候，你遇见了谁？
在你深爱一个人的时候，谁又陪在你身边？
爱情到底给了你多少时间
去相遇与分离，去选择与后悔
不是不心动，不是不后悔
但已经没有时间再去相拥
如果爱一个人而无法在一起
相爱却无法在适当的时候相遇
如果爱了，却爱在不对的时候
除了珍藏那一滴心底的泪
无言的走远，又能有什么选择？
要在时间的荒野，没有早一步也没有晚一步
于万千人之中，去邂逅自己的爱人
那是太难得的缘份，更多的时候
我们只是在彼此不断地错过，错过杨花飘风的春
又错过了枫叶瑟索的秋，直到漫天白雪
年华不再，在一次次的心酸感叹之后
才能终于了解－－即使真挚，即使亲密
即使两个人都已是心有戚戚，我们的爱
依然需要时间来成全和考验
这个世界有着太多的这样那样的限制与隐秘的禁忌
又有太多难以预测的变故和身不由己的离合
一个转身
也许就已经一辈子错过，要到很多年以后
才会参透所有的争取与努力
也许还抵不过命运开的一个玩笑
上帝只在云端眨了一眨眼
所有的结局，就都已经完全改变
在对的时间，遇见对的人，是一种幸福
在对的时间，遇见错的人，是一种悲伤
在错的时间，遇见对的人，是一声叹息
在错的时间，遇见错的人，是一种无奈
回忆的花瓣掠过心湖，泛起片片涟漪
爱不是千言万语，也不是朝韩暮暮
爱是每当午夜梦醒时
发现内心牵挂的依然是远方的你...

散文理念和技巧为了有思想的人
杰克.克鲁亚克（by Jack Kerouac）
要点清单
1. 随意涂写的私人笔记本，冒泡的草稿纸，开心就好了
2. 接纳一切，敞开，听
3. 尽量不在自己家外喝醉
4. 爱你的生活
5. 有些事你将会感觉的到它的结构
6. 痴狂的做冒泡的圣徒
7. 想怎么吹就怎么吹
8. 从骨子里泻出你自己想写的
9. 无法形容的不能被别人所见的个人感知
10.摒弃诗句的缥缈有事准确的直说就可以了
11.心潮彭湃的幻想
12.在原神出鞘的魔幻中理解眼前的对象
13.不受任何的文法束缚
14.象Proust瘾君子这个时代
15.真实的世界在内心的独白中生动的显现
16.那宝贵的兴趣中心才是眼中之眼
17.写下回忆和惊奇为自己
18.从第三只眼获得开始工作的精髓，畅游语言的海洋
19.永远认可失败
20.相信神圣的生活
21.尽量的描绘出已经有的初成的思想的发展过程
22.不要去抠词在你进行不下去的时候而是让画面引导文字的流淌
23.明了每一天从那个标号的早晨
24.在经验.语言.知识的尊严里不必恐惧和羞阙
25.然世界读到你所理解的世界画面的样子
26.书中的电影是文字所拼，视觉的美国形式
27.为得到品质的赞扬而投身在凄凉的野蛮的孤独中
28.越狂乱越无章越纯粹越发自内心越疯狂越好
29.你生来就是天才
30.上天保佑世间质朴的文字编导

 

BELIEF & TECHNIQUE FOR MODERN PROSE
by Jack Kerouac

List Of Essentials

1. Scribbled secret notebooks, and wild typewritten pages, for yr own joy
2. Submissive to everything, open, listening
3. Try never get drunk outside yr own house
4. Be in love with yr life
5. Something that you feel will find its own form
6. Be crazy dumbsaint of the mind
7. Blow as deep as you want to blow
8. Write what you want bottomless from bottom of the mind
9. The unspeakable visions of the individual
10. No time for poetry but exactly what is
11. Visionary tics shivering in the chest
12. In tranced fixation dreaming upon object before you
13. Remove literary, grammatical and syntactical inhibition
14. Like Proust be an old teahead of time
15. Telling the true story of the world in interior monolog
16. The jewel center of interest is the eye within the eye
17. Write in recollection and amazement for yourself
18. Work from pithy middle eye out, swimming in language sea
19. Accept loss forever
20. Believe in the holy contour of life
21. Struggle to sketch the flow that already exists intact in mind
22. Dont think of words when you stop but to see picture better
23. Keep track of every day the date emblazoned in yr morning
24. No fear or shame in the dignity of yr experience, language & knowledge
25. Write for the world to read and see yr exact picture of it
26. Bookmovie is the movie in words, the visual American form
27. In praise of Character in the Bleak inhuman Loneliness
28. Composing wild, undisciplined, pure, coming in from under, crazier the better
29. You're a Genius all the time
30. Writer-Director of Earthly movies Sopnsored & Angeled in Heaven

宣纸 rice paper
衙门 yamen
叩头 kowtow
孔子Confucius
牌楼 pailou；pai-loo
武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）
功夫 kungfu ；kung fu
中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）
中和 harmony (zhonghe)
孝顺 to show filial obedience
孝子 dutiful son
家长 family head
三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife
五常：仁、的义、的理、的智、的信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity
八股文 eight-legged essays
多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness
养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age
8、近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译
基层监督 grass-roots supervision
基础税率 base tariff level
婚介所 matrimonial agency
婚外恋 extramarital love
婚纱摄影 bride photo
黑心棉 shoddy cotton
机器阅卷 machine scoring
即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery
集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development
价格听证会 public price hearings
甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team
家政服务 household management service
加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
假帐 accounting fraud
叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel
矫情 use lame arguments
渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence
借调 temporarily transfer
扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group
扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption
1.中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）
国庆节 National Day
中秋节 Mia-Autumn Festival
春节 Spring Festival
元宵节 Lantern Festival
儿童节 Children’s Day
端午节 Dragon Boat Festival
妇女节 Women’s Day
泼水节 Water-Splashing Day
教师节 Teachers’ Day
五四青年节 Youth Day
2.中国意念词（Chinesenesses）
八卦 trigram
阴、的阳 yin, yang
道 Dao（cf. logo）
江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world）
e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)
道 Daoism（Taoism）
上火 excessive internal heat
儒学 Confucianism
红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology
世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia
开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）
大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done
伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded
不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …
合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people
乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge
铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty
治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline
3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）
馄饨 wonton
锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)
花卷 steamed twisted rolls
套餐 set meal
盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away
米豆腐 rice tofu
魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu
米粉 rice noodles
冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)
火锅 chafing dish
八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding
粉丝 glass noodles
豆腐脑 jellied bean curd
4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）
中国电信 China Telecom
中国移动 China Mobile
十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan
中国电脑联网 Chinanet
三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project
希望工程 Project Hope
京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway
扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project
菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project
温饱工程 Decent-Life Project
安居工程 Economy Housing Project
扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign
西部大开发 Go-West Campaign
5 、特有的一些汉语词汇
禅宗 Zen Buddhism
禅 dhyana; dhgaya
混沌 chaos
道 Daosim, the way and its power
四谛 Four Noble Truth
八正道 Eightfold Path
无常 anity
五行说 Theory of Five Elements
无我 anatman
坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation
空 sunyata
虚无 nothingness
双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英)
小品 witty skits
相声 cross-talk
噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt
夜猫子 night people; night-owls
本命年 this animal year of sb.
处世之道 philosophy of life
姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）
还愿 redeem a wish (vows)
6 、具有文化特色的现代表述
大陆中国 Mainland China
红宝书 little red book
红色中国 socialist China
四化 Four Modernizations
终生职业 job-for-life
铁饭碗 iron rice bowl
大锅饭 communal pot
关系户 closely-related units
外出打工人员 migrant workers
关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild
五讲(讲文明、的讲礼貌、的讲卫生、的讲秩序、的讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals
四美（心灵美、的语言美、的行为美、的环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment

미 네 랄 블 럭

구 매 할 분 연 락 해 주 세 요

 

 

塩レンガ, 牛用混合飼料

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MOLASSED MINERAL BLOCKS

Please Contact us if you need

FAX: 0086-431-86792280

Mobile phone: 0086-15044148039

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Address:Changchun ,China

中 文	英 文	中 文	英 文
机场费	airport fee	出站（出港、离开）	departures
国际机场	international airport	登机手续办理	check-in
国内机场	domestic airport	登机牌	boarding pass (card)
机场候机楼	airport terminal	护照检查处	passport control immigration
国际候机楼	international terminal	行李领取处	luggage claim; baggage claim
国际航班出港	international departure	国际航班旅客	international passengers
国内航班出站	domestic departure	中转	transfers
卫星楼	satellite	中转旅客	transfer passengers
人口	in	中转处	transfer correspondence
出口	exit; out; way out	过境	transit
进站 ( 进港、到达）	arrivals	报关物品	goods to declare
不需报关	nothing to declare	贵宾室	V. I. P. room
海关	customs	购票处	ticket office
登机口	gate; departure gate	付款处	cash
候机室	departure lounge	出租车	taxi
航班号	FLT No (flight number)	出租车乘车点	Taxipick-up point
来自 ......	arriving from	大轿车乘车点	coachpick-up point
预计时间	scheduled time (SCHED)	航空公司汽车服务处	airline coach service
实际时间	actual	租车处 ( 旅客自驾车 )	car hire
已降落	landed	公共汽车	bus; coach service
前往 ......	departure to	公用电话	public phone; telephone
起飞时间	departure time	厕所	toilet; W.C; lavatories; rest room
延误	delayed	男厕	M en's; Gent's; Gentlemen's
登机	boarding	女厕	W omen's; Lady's
此乘电梯前往登机	stairs and lifts to departures	餐厅	restaurant
迎宾处	greeting arriving	酒吧	bar
由此上楼	up; upstairs	咖啡馆	coffee shop; cafe
由此下楼	down; downstairs	免税店	duty-free shop
银行	bank	邮局	post office
货币兑换处	money exchange; currency exchange	出售火车票	rail ticket
订旅馆	hotel reservation	旅行安排	tour arrangement
行李暂存箱	luggage locker	行李牌	luggage tag

北京外国语大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

I.     将下列短文译成汉语(25分)

UNESCO’s Global Alliance

A radical change in mentalities is under way both in the public sector, which has now been forced to admit that its own means of action are insufficient to meet their development targets, and the private sector, which is becoming aware of its capacity to contribute to the developing countries’ emergence on the world stage in the role of future partners in local and global markets.

 

Dialogue can be established within the framework of an already increasing number of forums, as well as in project formulation. The presence of other civil society actors and support from the international organizations—as much in the thinking and debate as in the actions undertaken – are crucial factors for enabling people to make sense of the new prospects for cooperation.

 

The new twenty-first century world order demands that decision-making be opened up to dialogue with new actors. Civil society’s innovative energy has already produced a good number of important initiatives and proposals in many areas. And the business world offers economic resources and know-how that can greatly contribute to development strategy deployment and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO intends to establish cultural patronage agreements with businesses aimed, inter alia, at supporting the initiatives of countries in the South.

 

II. 将下列文章译成汉语 (50分)

Growth may be everything, but it's not the only thing

 

Economists have long been a natural constituency in favor of growth. Since even the richest country has limited resources, the central economic problem is choice: Shall we fund tax cuts for the rich or investment in infrastructure and research and development, war in Iraq or assistance for the poor in developing countries and our own? By providing more total resources, growth should, in theory, make these choices less painful.

 

The United States, however, has powerfully demonstrated that while growth increases supply, it also raises aspirations. Choices that rich countries have to make thus seem to be no easier than those confronting poor countries, even though the tradeoffs are more heart-wrenching in the case of the poor. Brazil, for example, must choose whether to use its limited health budget to pay full-market price for AIDS drugs; some AIDS victims may live as a result, but people in need of other health care will die, because money that could have been spent on their needs is simply not there. More growth-provided resources, in this instance, mean the difference between life and death.

 

Still, growth has had its critics. There is a well-developed populist antigrowth literature concerned with, among other things, the impact of growth on the environment and on poverty. Historically, economists have questioned whether, at least in the early stages of development, growth is accompanied by societal goods such as greater equality and a better environment. Nobel Prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets (西蒙•库兹列茨) argued, based on experiences largely before World War II, that there is an increase in inequality in the early stages of development. Arthur Lewis, another Nobel economist, went further: greater inequality, he argued, is necessary to generate the savings that growth requires. A later generation of economists has posited the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve: the early stages of growth cause environmental degradation, not environmental health.

 

Kuznets and his descendants held out the prospect that eventually growth would bring more social justice (greater equality, less poverty) and a better environment. But there is nothing inevitable about this -- which means that even if it has been true in the past, it may not be in the future. Inequality did seem to fall in the United States after the Great Depression, but in the last 30 years it has increased enormously. Many forms of pollution have gone down as richer countries have turned their mind to air-quality issues, but greenhouse gas emissions -- with all the dangers they present for global warming -- have continued to increase with economic growth, especially in the United States.

III. 将下列短文译成英语(25分)

中国是欧亚地区重要的国家。中国的发展离不开世界，更离不开欧亚地区。同样，世界的发展、欧亚地区的发展也离不开中国。中国的发展给世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家带来重要机遇。中国稳定和谐的政治社会环境、丰富优秀的劳动力资源和潜力巨大的市场，为与世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家开展互利互惠的经济合作提供了理想的场所。我们高兴地看到，通过这些年的不懈努力，中国的中西部地区和东北等老工业基地有了长足进步，呈现美好的发展前景。

 

我们欢迎欧亚地区国家积极参与中国西部大开发和东北老工业基地振兴，增强中国与欧亚地区各国互利合作的生机与活力。欧亚地区国家与中国有传统友谊，经济互补性强，中国政府将鼓励、支持中国企业与欧亚地区发展贸易、投资办厂，实现共同发展。

IV. 将下列文章译成英语(50分)

中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。

 

尽管全球大量的电子产品和鞋等都是中国制造，但这些产品的设计都是在欧美或日本完成的。中国公司制造自己品牌的产品时，通常是模仿国外。但如今不同了，他们都想开创自己的品牌。随着中国公司在设计上的改进，跨国公司意识到，他们的产品需要专门针对中国消费者的品味进行“量身定做”了。这些使中国设计产业开始繁荣起来。

 

中国公司开始建立设计中心或雇人帮他们打造自己的品牌。成百上千的设计顾问公司在上海、北京和广州涌现。国外年轻设计师也开始拥入中国，想在这个全球最有活力的消费市场上一试身手。现在，中国约有400所学院提供设计课程，每年有1万名毕业生。一些中国设计师获得国际大奖，许多人开始到米兰、东京、纽约等地工作, 设计成为中国最热门的专业之一

 

北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

I.将下列短文译成汉语(25分)

After 28 years of reform, China faces challenges of an unprecedented scale, complexity, and importance. China has already liberalized its markets, opened up to foreign trade and investment, and become a global economic powerhouse. Now its leaders and people must deal with popular dissatisfaction with local government, environmental degradation, scarce natural resources, an underdeveloped financial system, an inadequate health-care system, a restless rural population, urbanization on a massive scale, and increasing social inequality. Most of these problems, of course, have existed throughout the period of reform. What is different now is that the pace of change is accelerating while the ability of the state to manage that change is not keeping pace.

 

Solving any one of these problems by itself would be a formidable task. And the Chinese government today finds it harder than ever to attract, develop, and retain talent. Graduates from the country's top universities, who once would have filled government posts, are instead choosing to take jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the structure of the country's bureaucracy stifles initiative and promotes mediocrity. Worse, many officials, from the village to the central government, are corrupt, eroding the government's effectiveness and feeding popular discontent.

 

Of all of China's challenges, none is more critical -- or more daunting -- than that of nurturing a new generation of leaders who are skilled, honest, committed to public service, and accountable to the Chinese people as a whole. (236)

II. 将下列文章译成汉语 (50分)

The New Middle East

 

Just over two centuries since Napoleon's arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle East -- some 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold War -- the American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region's modern history, has ended. Visions of a new, Europe-like region -- peaceful, prosperous, democratic -- will not be realized. Much more likely is the emergence of a new Middle East that will cause great harm to itself, the United States, and the world.

 

The modern Middle East was born in the late eighteenth century. For some historians, the signal event was the 1774 signing of the treaty that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; a stronger case can be made for the importance of Napoleon's relatively easy entry into Egypt in 1798, which showed Europeans that the region was ripe for conquest and prompted Arab and Muslim intellectuals to ask -- as many continue to do today -- why their civilization had fallen so far behind that of Christian Europe. Ottoman decline combined with European penetration into the region gave rise to the "Eastern Question," regarding how to deal with the effects of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which various parties have tried to answer to their own advantage ever since.

 

The first era ended with World War I, the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Turkish republic, and the division of the spoils of war among the European victors. What ensued was an age of colonial rule, dominated by France and the United Kingdom. This second era ended some four decades later, after another world war had drained the Europeans of much of their strength, Arab nationalism had risen, and the two superpowers had begun to lock horns. "He who rules the Near East rules the world; and he who has interests in the world is bound to concern himself with the Near East," wrote a historian, who correctly saw the 1956 Suez crisis as marking the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the Cold War era in the region. (375)

 

III. 将下列短文译成英语(25分)

 

中国特色社会主义社会是一个变革的社会，是一个开放的社会，是一个不断发展和完善的社会。改革开放是决定中国命运的重大决策，要贯穿社会主义社会发展的全过程。只有坚持改革开放，才能不断激发亿万人民的积极性和创造性，解放和发展生产力，永葆社会主义的生机与活力。

 

我们要坚定不移地推进经济体制改革，建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制，贯彻落实科学发展观，促进国民经济持续快速健康发展。同时，要积极推进政治体制改革、文化体制改革和社会管理体制改革，促进社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明与和谐社会建设全面协调发展。(248节选自领导人讲话)

 

IV. 将下列文章译成英语(50分)

 

在外国旅行，特别是美国，最不习惯的就是处处要付小费。说是小费，数目对于我这样的中国土鳖来说可不算小，住旅馆，每天早上要在枕头放一两个美元，给打扫房间的大姐；吃饭要把餐费的10％－20％给服务员；甚至连坐出租车也要额外给小费，其实很多出租车司机自己都是老板。我特别不能理解，干吗不直接把价格提高，算小费除了麻烦，而且让人有额外付出的感觉，特别像我这样平时俭省惯了的人，在中国自己嗓子冒烟了都舍不得买瓶矿泉水，到了美国一伸手就得给人付出几美元，还叫“小费”，简直让我心头淌血。

 

小费大概得算上美国社会最重要的“潜规则”，对于酒店的门童、餐馆的服务员，老板有意会付比较低的工资，小费成了他们主要的收入。我曾经非常困惑，主要依靠被服务对象事后的自觉，太脆弱了，假如有1/3的人不遵守，这个游戏就玩不下去了，拿吃饭来说，假如你坚持不付小费，别人也拿你没办法，大不了下次换个馆子，以免服务员在你比萨饼里吐口水。

 

请教了很多人这种规则何以能维系下去，几个美国人都说觉得付小费是很自然的事情，压根没考虑过这个问题。不过我听说小费源于18世纪的英国伦敦。那时，当地酒店的餐桌上一般都摆着写有“To Insure Promptness”(保证及时服务)的碗。顾客坐下后，只要将少量的零钱放入碗中，就会得到优先服务，服务的殷勤程度也和小费多少成正比。这一典型的贿赂行为被渐渐发扬光大，而且规范化、制度化，从事先付款，到诚信为本的事后付款，甚至如果你不付得体的小费，会受到道义的谴责——有一次希拉里没给服务员付小费就被媒体批评:那些服务员收入不高，你不付小费他们怎么养家糊口呀？（663）

北京外国语大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）

 

Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words)

 

二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）

 

Inflation: China’s least wanted export

 

When inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease ? nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing. <P align=left>Cooking oil is a special case ? its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries ? but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well.

 

Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October ? many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent ? and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.

 

That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “China price”, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet ? but it will. China’s currency has also been gently appreciating, but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.

 

The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low.

 

There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words)

 

三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）

 

科学发展观是协调的发展观。唯物辩证法认为，世界是普遍联系的，任何事物的发展必然与其他事物相互联系、相互制约，只有协调好各方面关系，才能实现健康发展；否则，只能是畸形的发展。要实现全面发展，就必须立足新的历史起点，处理好由发展的阶段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新问题，因此，协调发展是实现全面发展的正确道路和政策途径。协调发展，是指各个方面的发展要相互适应，就是要统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调。(268字)

 

四、将下列短文译为英语（50分）

 

无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道，流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手里。

 

中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本身并不能充当财富的保障。因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。所以，由于企业家精神积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。如果是在身份制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的制度安排，使之自然地将其掌握资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。市场总是顽固地要把资源转移到能力最高的企业家手里。权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。

 

所以，假如人们期望市场发挥其高效配置资源的功能，那就根本没有必要去操心成功的企业家退休之时如何安排企业的未来。反正财富、资源是要向具有 企业家精神的人手里集中的，只要市场是自由的，这种趋势无人能够改变。那么，对社会来说，最重要的事情是设计种种健全的制度，让那些不具有企业家精神的人 可以方便地将其资源控制交给富有企业家精神的人，而企业家只要可以充分发挥其企业家精神、其财产权得到切实保障，自然可以发现、创造出这些制度来。(680字)

 

一次！北京外国语大学2001年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

 

I.     将下列短文译成英语(35%)

 

不久前美国宇航局宣布，他们测得的数据显示，在最近两个月，南极上空的臭氧空洞已扩大到智利南部城市篷塔阿雷纳斯（Punta Arenas）上空。这是迄今人类所观测到的最大一个空洞。更为严重的是，这也是臭氧空洞第一次覆盖一个人口稠密的城市。

      

许多人对臭氧的作用并不陌生，臭氧距地面约25-30公里，能吸收99%的太阳紫外线，可以说，它是地球生态环境的天然屏障，也是人类繁衍生存的保护伞。据科学家测算，大气中臭氧含量每减少1%，太阳紫外线的辐射量就会增加2%，而人类皮肤癌患者就会增加5%至7%。

      

但现在，可以说一个城市的所有居民就处在集体患皮肤癌的危险中。为了居民的身体健康，篷塔阿雷纳斯及其临近地区被迫宣布进入紧急状态。这很可能也是人类第一次因臭氧空洞问题而进入紧急状态。篷塔阿雷纳斯卫生部门再三告诫市民，最好不要在中午11点到下午3点之间外出，因为在阳光下曝晒7分钟左右，皮肤就会受到损伤。

      

据科学家们观测，臭氧空洞目前已达到2800多万平方公里，而造成臭氧空洞的，正是人类在工业生产中不断释放出氟利昂等化学物质，才使臭氧越来越稀薄，最后形成了现在这个巨大无比的空洞。虽然这次臭氧空洞扩大，还因为南极大陆的气温不断升高所致，但气温的升高，又与人类大量释放二氧化碳有直接的关系。

       但愿篷塔阿雷纳斯的警报是第一次，也是最后

 

II. 将下列单句译成英语(15%)

 

1     我们诚心诚意地希望不发生战争, 争取长时间的和平, 集中精力搞好国内现代化建设。

 

 

2     冷战后，世界形势出现了重大的变化，两极格局宣告终结，多极化成为国际格局演变的主导方向。

 

 

3     近些年来，在经济全球化的冲击下，原有的分工格局和资源配置方式正在发生历史性的重要转变。发达国家在调整，新兴工业化国家、发展中国家和经济转轨国家也在调整，尽管调整内容、难点各不相同。

 

 

II. 将下列短文译成汉语(35%)

 

Sanctions are a blunt instrument that can sometimes be useful. Used against Iraq, they forced its horrible dictator to disgorge nearly all his most lethal weapons. Ten years on, the perspective has changed. Saddam Hussein remains implanted in power without, for the past 15 months, any UN inspectors on the spot to discourage him from reinventing his nastiest toys. At the same time, sanctions have all but destroyed his country: its health and educational systems have collapsed; its infrastructure has rusted away; its middle classes have disappeared into poverty; its children are dying. A lot of people now conclude that a change of policy is needed.

 

The oil-for-food programme, passed by the UN Security Council in 1996, was supposed to rescue ordinary Iraqis from the deprivations of sanctions. Iraq is allowed to sell a certain amount of oil in exchange for "humanitarian" goods. Denis Halliday, an experienced UN hand, ran this programme for two years, but then resigned in disgust (as did his successor, a few weeks ago). Mr Halliday now writes forthrightly of "genocide". He and others describe how American and British representatives on the Sanctions Committee hold up everything they suspect, however remotely, to be of dual use. The list of suspect goods runs from heart and lung machines to wheelbarrows, from fire-fighting equipment to detergent, from water pumps to pencils.

 

Some of these points were confirmed this month by Kofi Annan, the UN'S secretary-general, in his report on Iraqi sanctions to the Security Council. He revealed how far the oil-for-food programme still is from alleviating the Iraqi tragedy. Mr Annan has spread his criticism around but is particularly upset, first, by the dangerously dilapidated state of Iraq's oil industry and, second, by the Sanctions Committee's erratic delays in giving the go-ahead for the delivery of goods for hospitals: some $150m worth of medicine and medical equipment is currently held up. At one time, outsiders were set in their views on Iraqi sanctions, seeing the situation in black or white. Now there is a large grey area, and an insistent question: are sanctions still the right policy? The authors document the impact of sanctions on the lives of ordinary Iraqis, and the arguments for change are pretty convincing. The undecided should pay heed.

 

IV.将下列单句译成汉语(15%)

 

1.    We need to break that vicious circle of AIDS, poverty, conflict, AIDS. For the truth is that not only does AIDS threaten stability, but when peace breaks down it fuels AIDS.

 

 

2.    The objective of nuclear non-proliferation is not helped by the fact that the nuclear weapon states continue to insist that those weapons in their hands enhance security, while in the hands of others they are a threat to world peace.

 

 

3.    In the developing countries, the labour force engaged in global production typically includes a large proportion of women — whether in textiles, electronics, data processing or chip manufacturing. In many cases, these women work in conditions and for wages that are appalling, and which we must strive to improve.

 

北京外国语大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

 

I.     将下列短文译成英语(35%)

 

人有男女性别之分，而法律讲性别吗？

      

我国宪法明文规定，妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭各个方面享有与男子同等的权利。既然男女同权、男女平权，法律应该是不讲性别的，这样才能达到男女平等，才算是真正公平。

      

但事实上，在法律保护妇女、社会尊重妇女、男女平等的今天，男女不平等的现象依然或多或少地存在着。这是“男尊女卑”、女性依附男性的历史留下的“后遗症”。所以，大家不得不面对这样一个现实：在当代，尽管女性的地位已有了很大提高，但和男性相比，还是属于需要关照的弱势群体。

 

针对这一现象，我国现行法律对女性给予了特殊关照，有专门的《妇女权益保障法》，而在《婚姻法》、《继承法》等法律规定中也有专门的保护条款。对于男性，则没有这样的专门保护。从这个角度讲，法律也是讲“性别”的。

      

在立法中多一点女性视角，对于当代立法者更具有现实意义。单不说现实生活中存在的男女不平等现象，就是立法者大多数是男性这个事实，便有可能使我们的法律在不知不觉中就已带上男性的印记。所以，立法者必须超出社会现有的习惯来，将更多的视角投到妇女这个弱势群体上。在立法中，应多一点女性视角，对女性多一些关怀、多一些保护。

      

女性，是母亲，是女儿，是姐妹……在立法时多一点女性视角，并不意味着忽视男性的权益，而在于最大程度地实现男女在法律上的平等，从而实现男女在现实生活中的平等。

      

如果有一天，法律不再需要对女性特殊关照的性别视角，那么，男女之间，就真正地平等了。

      

II.   将下列单句译成英语(15%)

 

1.    革命是解放生产力， 改革也是解放生产力。

 

 

2.    计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。

 

 

3.    总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子是走对了。

 

III. 将下列短文译成汉语(35%)

 

In England in the early 17th century, the Stuart monarchy, to finance its expenditures, increasingly resorted to “forced loans” – where the lender had no recourse if loans were not repaid. This practice was one of many highly visible signs that the regime had no commitment to protecting property rights. Other indications include outright confiscation of land and funds, forced public procurement at below-market prices, a willingness to remove judges who ruled against the Crown, and the sale of monopoly rights over various lucrative economic activities. This arbitrary exercise of sovereign power was interrupted during the civil war in the middle of the century, but the restoration of the monarchy was accompanied by the return of the same excesses.

 

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ushered in a series of fundamental changes in political institutions that limited the arbitrary exercise of power by the sovereign. The revolution established the supremacy of parliament over the taxes and audit the expenditures of the Crown. These steps were followed by the establishment of the Bank of England, which exercised important control over public finances. The result of these changes was a more equitable division of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. These restraints on the arbitrary exercise of power greatly enhanced the state’s ability to finance public expenditures by issuing debt.

 

The impact of these changes in political institutions and in the protection of property rights can be seen in the development of debt markets. In 1688 the Crown was able to place public debt equivalent to only 2 to 3 percent of GDP – and only of very short maturity and at very high interest rates. By 1697 the Crown was able to place and service debt equivalent to 40 percent of GDP, at lower interest rates and with longer maturities. The emergence of a functioning public debt market in turn benefited the development of the private capital markets that helped finance the Industrial Revolution that followed.

 

IV.  将下列单句译成汉语(15%)

1     The very low amounts of elements of heavier than hydrogen and helium in these stars indicate that they must have formed early in the history of the Galaxy, before large amounts of heavy elements were created inside the initial generations of stars.

 

 

2     The recent speculation includes the possibility that the first living cells might have arisen on Mars, seeding Earth via the many meteorites that are known to travel from Mars to our planet.

 

 

3     Governments and their international agencies are these days mindful that public opinion is anything but squarely behind them.

北京外国语大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

 

I.     将下列单句译成汉语(25分)

 

1.    Poets are born, but orators are made.

 

2.    There exists today new opportunities for promotion of DNP (裁军和不扩散) education and

training at all levels, primarily, thanks to the revolution in technology and communication.

 

3.    Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

 

4.    China looks to Hollywood much like the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge must look to the oil industry: vast, untapped and potentially fat.

 

5.    Beyond torturing Germany’s relationship with the United States, the go-it-alone stance, coming from a government that has presented itself as a sworn adherent of multilateralism, tends

to diminish Berlin’s influence among its EU neighbours.

 

II.   将下列短文译成汉语(50分)

      

Globalization is transforming the world. While it brings great benefits to some countries and individuals —a backlash has arisen because these benefits are distributed so unequally and because the global market is not yet underpinned by values and rules that address key social concerns such as the protection of human rights, labor standards and the environment. Globalization has also, unwittingly, made it easier for what I have called “uncivil society” — crime, terrorism, drug- and arms-trafficking —to move across borders. Our challenge today is to make globalization an engine that lifts people out of hardship and misery, not a force that holds them down.

      

The past half century had brought unprecedented economic gains. Most people today can expect to live longer than their parents. They are better nourished, enjoy better health, are better educated, and on the whole face more favorable economic prospects. But there is also widespread deprivation and despair. More than 1 billion people must survive on less than $1 a day. Striking inequality persists within and among countries. Diseases such as AIDS and malaria threaten to undo years of progress. Worsening the poverty gap is the “digital divide” between the technology-rich and the technology-poor. At a time when information and knowledge have become the main source of wealth and power, half the developing world’s people have never made or received a telephone call, much less used a computer. Bringing these people into the mainstream is one of our biggest projects.

      

Poverty and inequality are fertile ground for conflict. Wars between states have become less frequent, but in the last decade brutal internal wars have claimed more than 5 million lives, and driven many times that number of people from their homes. Weapons of mass destruction continue to cast their shadow of fear. We must think of security less as defending territory, and more in terms of protecting people. And whether we are talking of conflict prevention, peace-keeping, post-conflict peace-building or other peacemaking tools at the disposal of the international community, we must be sure that when the United Nations is called upon to act, it is given the mandate and resources to do the job.

 

III.  将下列单句译成英语(25分)

 

1     1998年以来，为了遏止通货紧缩，政府通过积极的财政政策，以扩大财政支出拉动GDP增长，取得了一定成效。

 

2     社会保障体系在市场经济中的作用毋庸多言，问题是如何加快、加强这一体系的建设。

 

3     水资源紧缺不仅使中国西部许多地区脆弱的生态平衡遭到严重的破坏，而且危及到了正常的工农业生产和群众生活

 

4     9.11事件后，反对国际恐怖主义的斗争对国际政治、经济和安全形势产生了巨大的冲击。

 

5     反对强权政治和维护广大发展中国家的利益，是中国在多边外交活动中遵循的一个重要原则。

 

IV.  将下列短文译成英语(50分)

 

改革开放以来农村人口向城镇转移势如潮涌，到城市寻求就业机会的中青年农民与日俱增。由于他们大多不是只生一个，其携带的多子女就学问题的凸显，给当地的义务教育带来了新问题。据教育部介绍，目前相当一部分城市尚未将这些流动少儿的就学纳入本区域教育事业发展规划中，对流动少儿的底数不清，尤其在流动少儿大量聚集的城乡结合部，经费压力不断增大导致政府管理不到位。

 

“儿童公园是什么，我从来没听说过。”7岁的小姑娘晶晶怯生生地问老师。她是父母到杭州打工后出生的，父母一天到晚忙着卖大饼、油条的生意。节假日城里的孩子能与大人外出旅游，她想都不敢想，因为那时候父母总是最忙碌。

 

她有幸就读的专门招收流动人口子女的杭州明珠实验学校，是三年前由下城区政府、企业、社会共同创建的。如今，这所学校已有来自20个省市的在校生2100多名，师资和教学设备被联合国教科文组织的教育专家认为是发展中国家基础教育行列中的一流。明珠实验学校的老师们说，我们不仅要让民工子女得到正规教育，更要营造一种“文化亲和力”的环境，让孩子们感受到 “城市温情”，尽快融入我们的城市文化。

 

北京外国语大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

I.     将下列单句译成汉语(25分)

 

1)    In the first half of this year, China’s GDP grew by 8.2%--despite the SARS virus. Electricity demand rose by 15% in the same period, led by power-hungry industries such as steel and aluminium.

 

2)    China, anxious about capital flight and proud of its economic sovereignty, will not be brow-beaten into floating the yuan by hectoring Americans.

 

3)    Power stations tend to be built far from cities, and to be surrounded by idle “buffer” land. It is suggested that greenhouses could be built on this land with the exhaust from the power station pumped in to supply the heat they need. Such greenhouses could be used to grow fruit, vegetables and flowers cheaply.

 

4)    Out of all the unbecoming parts of drug addiction, the search for clean needles is particularly ghastly. Dirty needles account for a third of all reported AIDS cases: they also explain why half of all long-term addicts get hepatitis C.

 

5)    The fight over farm trade at the WTO ministerial meeting in the Mexican city of Cancún boils down to how far the rich world cuts tariffs on agricultural goods and dismantles its vast farm-subsidies, and by how much developing countries reduce their own considerable tariffs in return.

 

II.   将下列短文译成汉语(50分)

 

Unemployment in America is high, and elections are on the horizon. It must be time to look east again for scapegoats. Japan is only starting to recover from its protracted recession, so China will be handed the role of economic villain in the coming U.S. election cycle. Expect to hear a chorus of presidential candidates blame unfair Chinese competition for America's manufacturing woes.

 

China's trading partners do have legitimate grievances, but it would be irresponsible and inaccurate for American politicians to pin the United States' economic sluggishness on scheming culprits in Beijing. Traveling in Asia in October, Treasury Secretary John Snow heeded political pressures back home in exhorting Chinese leaders to let the market price their currency. This is a desirable outcome in the long run, but a raft of immediate caveats come to mind.

 

China's financial system remains fragile, and sudden currency volatility could lead to a banking crisis that could spell disaster for the world economy. Washington would do better to urge China's leaders to focus on their lack of preparation to assume their proper role in the world's financial order, rather than to demand any supposedly quick fix. Moreover, China's refusal to devalue its currency in the aftermath of the late 1990's crises in East Asia--much appreciated by its neighbors and Washington at a time when the yuan seemed overvalued--adds credence to Beijing's insistence that it prizes stability when it comes to exchange rates, not short-term advantage. With most economists concerned that China's robust growth could fuel inflation and a speculative bubble, there are valid reasons for Beijing to fear a surging currency.

 

III.  将下列单句译成英语(25分)

 

1)    尽管20世纪90年代全国经济复苏，美国家庭最富有者和最贫穷者收入之间的差距继续扩大。

 

2)    中华民族大家庭，靠文化价值观—风俗习惯、语言、文字—凝聚成一体。但家庭内部也有纷争，家庭延续也有兴衰。

 

3)    如果没有移民，美国不可能在第二次世界大战期间制造出原子弹；没有移民，美国也不会成为当今世界上的唯一超级大国。

 

4)    已经有一整年没活动筋骨了，整天坐在研究室里，翻阅资料，逐渐感觉到身体的机能在退化，筋骨像是长了锈，甚至出现腰酸背痛的迹象。

 

5)    澳门是中国南海边的一个小城，面积现有约24平方公里，人口也不过约43万人。但是，在中国的高等教育发展史上，书写了光辉的开创篇，因为中国第一所西式大学就是在这里于1594年创办的。

 

IV.  将下列短文译成英语(50分)

 

在市场经济的条件下，资源肯定要向成本低、效益高、利润大的地方流动。所以，生产要素往城市和经济发达地区集中，是完全自发和自动的必然流向。在“全球化”的过程中，会伴生一个副作用，就是富者越富，穷者越穷。不要说“全球化”，就是“全国化”也一样，有钱的地区，就能提供各种优惠来吸引投资，没钱的地区，由于各种困难而屡屡失去机会，东西部差距、城乡差距就会越来越大。在这种情况下，农村、农业、农民肯定处于弱势地位，而保障农民各项权益，都是要花钱的，如果单靠其自身的努力，情况肯定难以改变，必须由相对富裕的地区给予大力帮助，也包括各级政府的财政转移支付、政策优惠，以及各种社会公共资源的倾斜。因此，保障农民权益的根本出路就在于发展经济，首先得让农民逐步富裕起来。

 

如果仍旧保持在传统农业的框架之下，只靠那“一亩三分地”，不管种什么也只能勉强糊口，发不了财。要解决当前的“三农”问题，必须从结构上进行大调整，尽可能去赚城里人的钱。而政府则要改善大环境，帮助农民从小农经济的桎梏中走出去，打开新天地，农民才能富裕起来。

 

北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试

英汉同声传译专业试卷

I.     将下列短文译成汉语(25分)

While assembling a new national security team, President George W. Bush is confronting what could become the biggest challenge of his second term: how to contain Iran’s nuclear program and what Americans believe is its support of violence in Israel and insurgents in Iraq.

 

In an eerie repetition of the prelude to the Iraq, hawks in the administration and congress are trumpeting ominous disclosures about Iran’s nuclear capacities to make the case that Iran is a threat that must be confronted, either by economic sanctions, military action, or regime change.

 

But Britain, France and Germany are urging diplomacy, placing their hopes in a deal brokered by the Europeans in the past week in which Iran agreed to suspend its uranium enrichment program in return for discussions about future economic benefits.

 

Secretary of State Colin Powell thrust himself into the debate on Wednesday by commenting to reporters while on the way to Chile that fresh intelligence showed that Iran was “actively working” on a program to enable its missiles to carry nuclear bombs, a development he said “should be of concern to all parties.”

 

The disclosures alluded to by Powell were seen by hard-liners in the administration as another sign of Iranian perfidy, and by Europeans as nothing new. Although Powell has praised the negotiations between the Europeans and Iran, an administration official said there was “a steady tightening of outlook between hawks and doves” that Iran will use the negotiations as a pretext to continue its nuclear program in secret.

II. 将下列文章译成汉语 (50分)

The Patent Clerk's Legacy

Albert Einstein looms over 20th-century physics as its defining, emblematic figure. His work altered forever the way we view the natural world. "Newton, please forgive me," Einstein begged as relativity theory wholly obliterated the absolutes of time and space that the reigning arbiter of all things physical had embraced more than two centuries earlier.

 

With little more to show than a rejected doctoral thesis from a few years before, this 26-year-old patent clerk, who practiced physics in his spare time and on the sly at work, declared brashly that the physicists of his day were "out of [their] depth" and went on to prove it. Besides special and general relativity, his work helped to launch quantum mechanics and modern statistical mechanics. Chemistry and biotechnology owe a debt to studies by Einstein that supplied evidence of the existence of molecules and the ways they behave.

 

What is even more amazing is that he purveyed many of these insights through a series of papers that appeared during a single miraculous year, 1905. No other comparably fertile period for individual scientific accomplishment can be found except during 1665 and 1666, when Isaac Newton, confined to his country home to escape the plague, started to lay the basis for the calculus, his law of gravitation and his theory of colors. The international physics community has set aside 2005 as the World Year of Physics as a tribute to Einstein's centennial.

 

Scientists in many realms of physics and engineering spent the 20th century testing, realizing and applying the ideas falling out of Einstein's work. As everybody knows, Einstein's E = mc2 formula was a key to the atomic bomb--and all the history that sprang from it. Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect underpinned technologies ranging from photodiodes to television camera tubes. A hundred years later technologists are still finding new ways to harvest novel inventions from Einstein's theories.

 

One mark of genius relates to the length of time needed to fully explore, through experimentation, the implications of a new theory. In that sense, Einstein is still going strong. A recently launched space probe will examine various predictions of general relativity. But physicists are not waiting until the answers are all in before asking what comes next. Much of the most exciting work in physics now has the more ambitious aim of going beyond Einstein--of transcending his ideas and achieving a task akin to the one to which he devoted the last 30 years of his life, right to his deathbed, without success.

III. 将下列短文译成英语(25分)

中国是一个发展中国家，也是一个负责任的国家。中国愿意为推进合作共赢、实现可持续发展做出自己的贡献。中国保持经济快速健康发展，对全球经济及地区经济发展有利。改革开放20多年来，中国经济年均增长9．4％，不仅成功解决了十几亿人的温饱问题，而且使中国人民的生活总体上达到小康水平。当前，中国经济发展总的形势很好。虽然经济运行中出现了一些问题，但在我们的宏观调控下，一些不健康、不稳定因素已经得到了有效抑制。

 

IV. 将下列文章译成英语(50分)

一位师范教师提醒家长，千万不要迷信专家和特殊的早教方案，家长自己才是孩子早期教育最好的老师。

 

受狭隘早教观念影响，一些年轻父母热衷于迷信专家和特定环境的亲子游戏，将孩子送进早教机构接受某种方案的专门训练。科学研究表明，无论是“小学化”式的超常教育，还是盲目跟风的特长教育，既违背婴幼儿身心发展规律，又脱离孩子天性和兴趣，不仅难以收到成效，还可能为孩子长远发展埋下隐患。

 

这位教师还说，游戏和快乐才是孩子早教的主要构成，生活则是最好的内容。家长与其带着孩子在各种拔苗助长的特长班之间疲于奔命，不如有的放矢地进行寓教于乐的亲子游戏，使其在学中玩，玩中学，顺其自然，因势利导。比如敲盆敲碗，可以培养婴幼儿的节奏感和听觉；如果孩子对抽水马桶好奇，就可讲解马桶几个开关的使用关系，让孩子知道“抽水马桶的水箱怎么用了又会满”的小秘密等。通过这些共同参与的游戏，同样可开发孩子的观察能力。更重要的是，亲子互动加强了与孩子的沟通，有利于培养儿童健全的心智。

 

千万别以为早教就是要教什么难懂的大道理，其实就是在“玩水”“玩米”等活动中教孩子怎么生活。作为实践者，家长需要的是科学理念、认识，并掌握正确的方法，提高早教水平。只要有心，都能做好。

付 宣传会之后的照片

快要考期末了，每个人都在紧张的学习着，我应该比别人更紧张的，看了一学期考研日语二外，平时落下的英语专业课好多东西要看呀~~~

上周考语言学考试了，居然是口试的~~

比较喜欢口试，哈哈~~但可是，我的学号是14号，上周的口试是从最后的40多号向前考的，正好考到16号，我的考试又被分到了下周一，呜呜~~~又要背一个周末了~真希望自己那天考完得了！！！

计划总没有变化快，原计划是周末再家好好学习，可是我所在的服装公司昨晚突然来电话说今天有服装宣传会，还是抵抗不住舞台的诱惑呀，很喜欢SPOTLIGHT那种感觉，今天就一直 SHOW了，学习计划失败，哎~~在这里写写检讨下自己吧~要抗拒舞台的诱惑，努力是真，哈哈~~

真希望可以不考试，还有两周时间复习一学期的10多科，啊~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

牢骚发到这里，去洗澡了，回来该看的还得看~哎，盼放假，真的很盼望~~~~

1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）

　　八卦 trigram

　　阴、阳 yin, yang

　　道 Dao（cf. logo）

　　江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world）

　　e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)

　　道 Daoism（Taoism）

　　上火 excessive internal heat

　　儒学 Confucianism

　　红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology

　　世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia

　　开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）

　　大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done

　　伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded

　　不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …

　　合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people

　　乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge

　　铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post

　　脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty

　　治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline

2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）

　　

　　元宵节 Lantern Festival

　 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day

　　

3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）

　　馄饨 wonton

　　锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)

　　花卷 steamed twisted rolls

　　套餐 set meal

　　盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away

　　米豆腐 rice tofu

　　魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu

　　米粉 rice noodles

　　冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)

　　火锅 chafing dish

　　八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding

　　粉丝 glass noodles

　　豆腐脑 jellied bean curd

4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）

　　中国 电信 China Telecom

　　中国 移动 China Mobile

　　十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan

　　中国电脑联网 Chinanet

　　三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project

　　希望工程 Project Hope

　　京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway

　　扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project

　　菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project

　　温饱工程 Decent-Life Project

　　安居工程 Economy Housing Project

　　扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign

　　西部大开发 Go-West Campaign

5 、特有的一些汉语词汇

　　禅宗 Zen Buddhism

　　禅 dhyana; dhgaya

　　混沌 chaos

　　道 Daosim, the way and its power

　　四谛 Four Noble Truth

　　八正道 Eightfold Path

　　无常 anity

　　五行说 Theory of Five Elements

　　无我 anatman

　　坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation

　　空 sunyata

　　虚无 nothingness

　　双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英)

　　小品 witty skits

　　相声 cross-talk

　　噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt

　　夜猫子 night people; night-owls

　　本命年 this animal year of sb.

　　处世之道 philosophy of life

　　姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）

　　还愿 redeem a wish (vows)

6 、具有文化特色的现代表述

　　大陆中国 Mainland China

　　红宝书 little red book

　　红色中国 socialist China

　　四化 Four Modernizations

　　终生职业 job-for-life

　　铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

　　大锅饭 communal pot

　　关系户 closely-related units

　　外出打工人员 migrant workers

　　关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild

　　五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals

　　四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment
7 、中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items）

　　宣纸 rice paper

　　衙门 yamen

　　叩头 kowtow

　　孔子Confucius

　　牌楼 pailou；pai-loo

　　武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）

　　功夫 kungfu ；kung fu

　　中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）

　　中和 harmony (zhonghe)

　　孝顺 to show filial obedience

　　孝子 dutiful son

　　家长 family head

　　三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife

　　五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity

　　八股文 eight-legged essays

　　多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness

　　养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age

8、 近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译

　　基层监督 grass-roots supervision

　　基础税率 base tariff level

　　婚介所 matrimonial agency

　　婚外恋 extramarital love

　　婚纱摄影 bride photo

　　黑心棉 shoddy cotton

　　机器阅卷 machine scoring

　　即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery

　　集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development

　　价格听证会 public price hearings

　　甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team

　　家政服务 household management service

　　加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

　　假帐 accounting fraud

　　叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel

　　矫情 use lame arguments

　　渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence

　　借调 temporarily transfer

　　扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.

　　扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption

9   全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)
主席团Presidium
常务委员会Standing Committee
中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China
中央军事委员会Central Military Commission
国务院State Council
信息产业部 Ministry of Information Industry
文化部Ministry of Culture
卫生部Ministry of Public Health
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs
国防部Ministry of National Defence
教育部Ministry of Education
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
国家安全部 Ministry of State Security
中国人民银行People’s Bank of China
中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences
中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering
最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate
中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC
中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC
中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC
中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC
中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC
中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC
中国人民政治协商会议The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC
中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC
中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee
专门委员会Special Committee
中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees
中国政党Chinese Parties
中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)
中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League
中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association
中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy
中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang
九三学社Jiu San Society
中国各级党政机关干部名称译名
中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee
政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee
政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee
书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee
中央委员 Member, Central Committee
候补委员 Alternate Member
…省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC
中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China
全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress
秘书长 Secretary-General
主任委员 Chairman
委员 Member
（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress
人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress
国务院总理 Premier, State Council
国务委员 State Councilor
秘书长 Secretary-General
（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for
（国务院各部）部长 Minister
部长助理 Assistant Minister
司长 Director
局长 Director
省长 Governor
常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor
自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 

1.词汇类

　　　　lover 情人（不是“爱人”） 

　　　　busboy 餐馆勤杂工（不是“公汽售票员”） 

　　　　busybody 爱管闲事的人（不是“大忙人”） 

　　　　dry goods （美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是“干货”） 

　　　　heartman 换心人（不是“有心人”） 

　　　　mad doctor 精神病科医生（不是“发疯的医生”） 

　　　　eleventh hour 最后时刻（不是“十一点”） 

　　　　blind date （由第三者安排的）男女初次会面（并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”） 

　　　　dead president 美钞（上印有总统头像）（并非“死了的总统”） 

　　　　personal remark 人身攻击（不是“个人评论”） 

　　　　sweet water 淡水（不是“糖水”或“甜水”） 

　　　　confidence man 骗子（不是“信得过的人”） 

　　　　criminal lawyer 刑事律师（不是“犯罪的律师”） 

　　　　service station 加油站（不是“服务站”） 

　　　　rest room 厕所（不是“休息室”） 

　　　　dressing room 化妆室（不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”） 

　　　　sporting house 妓院（不是“体育室”） 

　　　　horse sense 常识（不是“马的感觉”） 

　　　　capital idea 好主意（不是“资本主义思想”） 

　　　　familiar talk 庸俗的交谈（不是“熟悉的谈话”） 

　　　　black tea 红茶（不是“黑茶”） 

　　　　black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”） 

　　　　black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生的黑人”） 

　　　　white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是“白煤”） 

　　　　white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”） 

　　　　yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”） 

　　　　red tape 官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） 

　　　　green hand 新手（不是“绿手”） 

　　　　blue stocking 女学者、女才子（不是“蓝色长统袜”） 

　　　　China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”） 

　　　　Chinese dragon 麒麟（不是“中国龙”） 

　　　　American beauty 红蔷薇（不是“美国美女”） 

　　　　English disease 软骨病（不是“英国病”） 

　　　　Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年（不是“印度的夏日”） 

　　　　Greek gift 害人的礼品（不是“希腊礼物”） 

　　　　Spanish athlete 吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”） 

　　　　French chalk 滑石粉（不是“法国粉笔”） 

　　　　 

2.成语类

　　　　pull one's leg 开玩笑（不是“拉后腿”） 

　　　　in one's birthday suit 赤身裸体（不是“穿着生日礼服”） 

　　　　eat one's words 收回前言（不是“食言”） 

　　　　an apple of love 西红柿（不是“爱情之果”） 

　　　　handwriting on the wall 不祥之兆（不是“大字报”） 

　　　　bring down the house 博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”） 

　　　　have a fit 勃然大怒（不是“试穿”） 

　　　　make one's hair stand on end 令人毛骨悚然—恐惧（不是“令人发指——气愤”） 

　　　　be taken in 受骗，上当（不是“被接纳”） 

　　　　think a great deal of oneself 高看或看重自己（不是“为自己想得很多”） 

　　　　pull up one's socks 鼓起勇气（不是“提上袜子”） 

　　　　have the heart to do （用于否定句）忍心做……不是“有心做”或“有意做”） 

　　　　 

3.表达方式类 　　　　

              Look out! 当心！（不是“向外看”） 

　　　　What a shame! 多可惜！真遗憾！（不是“多可耻”） 

　　　　You don't say! 是吗！（不是“你别说”） 

　　　　You can say that again! 说得好！（不是“你可以再说一遍”） 

　　　　I haven't slept better. 我睡得好极了。（不是“我从未睡过好觉”） 

　　　　You can't be too careful in your work. 你工作越仔细越好。（不是“你工作不能太仔细”） 

　　　　It has been 4 years since I smoked. 我戒烟４年了。（不是“我抽烟4年了”） 

　　　　All his friends did not turn up. 他的朋友没全到。（不是“他的朋友全没到”） 

　　　　People will be long forgetting her. 人们在很长时间内会记住她的。（不是“人们会永远忘记她”） 

　　　　He was only too pleased to let them go. 他很乐意让他们走。（不是“他太高兴了，不愿让他们走”） 

　　　　It can't be less interesting. 它无聊极了。（不是“它不可能没有趣”） 

道太丢人了）

I finished 14 English diaries within one night!tired

 

Does true love really exist?
  Today I read an affecting love story ,it reads:
  A girl and a boy were on a motorcycle, speeding through the night.
they loved each other a lot..
girl:" slow down a little.. i'm scared.."
boy: "no, it's so fun.."
girl: "please... it's so scary.."
boy: "then say that you love me.."
girl: "fine..i love you..can you slow down now?"
boy: "give me a big hug.."
the girl gave him a big hug.
girl: "now can you slow down?"
boy: "can you take off my helmet and put it on? it's uncomfortable

and? it's bothering me while i drive."
the next day, there was a story in the newspaper. a motorcycle had

crashed into a building because its brakes were broken.
there were two people on the motorcycle, of which one died, and the

other had survived...
the guy knew that the brakes were broken. he didn't want to let the

girl know, because he knew that the girl would have gotten scared.
instead, he was told the last time that she loved him, got a hug from

her, put his helmet on her so that she can live, and die himself...
once in awhile, right in the middle of an ordinary life, love gives us

a fairy tale.
   I really hope true love exists in this world ,because I am a firm

believer in true love.I want to be a firm believer for ever,no matter

what it takes,but this world is so realistic,and peole are becoming

realstc.so sometimes love may die in this realistic,cruel world,no

matter how hard we try .For example ,if two persons who used to like

each other are apart,their affection will die sooner or later.So ,if

we want to be wise ,we have to leave or give up sth at the proper time

,unhurt.

每天都想让自己尽量早点睡，可是就是早不了，也不习惯早了
看书，今天除了打开电脑看看网页看看ECOMOMICS，下载资料，居然看了一整天的书。。。
崩溃，componential semantic analysis,neoclassical formation都搞不清楚，算死了。。。现在真是恼怒平时课一直再准备二外，考研，，抑或抱怨老师不够人道~
先把首要任务完成再说，语言学，文学，词汇学，啊~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
抓狂了我。好吧，暑假除了实习又来了个艰巨的大任务。。。6月25开始的日语二级和考研政治，期末考试又十四科，再度崩溃！呜呜~~~~~算了算了，发泄完继续去看书吧~~~

每隔一段时间总想为自己写些什么       
       是纪念不知不觉流走的时间
       亦或记录着或悲或喜的心情
       总之
       这是我的生活
        ...... 喜欢春天。

崭新的青色留给我幸福的自然，
于是，捧在手里，不给丝毫的伤害……

写首我喜欢的英语小诗，
Passion is sweet
Love makes weak
You said you cherished freedom so
You refuse to let it go

Follow your fate
Love and hate
Never fail to seize the day
But dont give yourself away .

When the night falls
And you're all alone
In your deepest sleep
What are you dreaming of

My skin's still burning from your touch
I just can't get enough
I said I wouldn't ask for much
But your eyes are dangerous
The thought keep spinning in my head
Can we drop this masquerade
I can't predict where it ends
If you're the rock I'll crush against

Trapped in a crowd
The music is loud
I said I love my freedom to
Now I'm not sure I do

All eyes on you
Rings so true
Better quit while you're ahead
Now I'm not so sure I am

My soul my heart
If you're near if you're far
My life my love
You can have it all

我们都曾经以为，有些事情是不可以放手的，
时日渐远，你会发现，你曾经以为不可以放手的东西，只是生命里的一块跳板，人在跳板上，最辛苦的不是跳下来的那一刻，而是跳下来之前，心里的挣扎、犹豫，无助和患得患失，根本无法向人倾诉..把你爱的心情写在下面，让瞬间的美好变成永恒的美丽。